Towards 0.1 Micron Archive - Bro, do you even science?

Towards 0.1 Micron Archive - Bro, do you even science? Beware, here be facts! For the discussion of peer reviewed literature. https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/list.php?28 Wed, 11 Mar 2026 15:27:28 +0000 Phorum 5.2.23 https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,80593,80593#msg-80593 New stainless steel CPM-MagnaCut (1 reply) https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,80593,80593#msg-80593
[wordpress.com]

This looks like a promising stainless version of, and comparable in properties to, CPM-4V or Cruwear. Initial results shows excellent toughness for a very corrosion resistant steel.

Is this potentially a game-changer?]]> Hans Kruger Bro, do you even science? Mon, 05 Apr 2021 01:37:51 +0000 https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,79840,79840#msg-79840 Experimental Design and Statistics. (4 replies) https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,79840,79840#msg-79840
We should have a place we can point people to, where they can find a detailed explanation of how an experiment is designed (or how to design one) to produce quality data, and how it is analyzed to produce a meaningful interpretation.

We can also just talk about general experience with the topic.

I will be looking for articles to post in here as examples with some explanation of what they did and why other than the obvious.]]> Old Spice Bro, do you even science? Tue, 04 Aug 2020 16:00:14 +0000 https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,78871,78871#msg-78871 Resource For Books (no replies) https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,78871,78871#msg-78871 babel.hathitrust.org]]]> jasonstone20 Bro, do you even science? Fri, 19 Jun 2020 23:21:56 +0000 https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,77632,77632#msg-77632 Dr. Larrin Thomas Book: Knife Engineering -- Steel. Heat Treating. And Geometry. (4 replies) https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,77632,77632#msg-77632 www.instagram.com]]]> jasonstone20 Bro, do you even science? Fri, 24 Jul 2020 01:57:33 +0000 https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,76252,76252#msg-76252 Micro-geometrical Characteristics Of The Cutting Edge As The Intersection Of Two Rough Surfaces (2 replies) https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,76252,76252#msg-76252 sci-hub.tw]]]> jasonstone20 Bro, do you even science? Sat, 13 Jun 2020 16:58:20 +0000 https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,73362,73362#msg-73362 Edge retention, CATRA data (no replies) https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,73362,73362#msg-73362
Part 1: [knifesteelnerds.com]
Part 2: [knifesteelnerds.com]]]> razoredgeknives Bro, do you even science? Wed, 28 Nov 2018 18:28:41 +0000 https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,72496,72496#msg-72496 Metallurgical examination of a samurai sword (no replies) https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,72496,72496#msg-72496 [www.dtic.mil]]]> oldsailorsknives Bro, do you even science? Tue, 28 Aug 2018 15:04:09 +0000 https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,71136,71136#msg-71136 the patent behind multi-quench grain growth refinement (7 replies) https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,71136,71136#msg-71136 patents.google.com]
what most of us miss when reading Verhoven or Grange is this:
In practicing our invention, it is necessary that the heating be done quite rapidly but once the desired rate is obtained on further advantage results from exceeding such rate by extremely fast heating. In thicknesses up to 0.5 inch, satisfactory results can be obtained by leadbath heating but other types of liquid baths, such as salts, or electrical induction or resistance heating may be used. The heating time should be less than 60 seconds and preferably less than 20 seconds. In such thicknesses as .03 to .50 inch, the same ultrafine grain size was obtained upon heating in a lead bath from 10 to 20 seconds.
does not sound like something I could do in my small knife making shop.
Scott]]> oldsailorsknives Bro, do you even science? Wed, 04 Apr 2018 22:25:46 +0000 https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,70994,70994#msg-70994 Grain growth in bearing steels (no replies) https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,70994,70994#msg-70994 [www.diva-portal.org]]]> oldsailorsknives Bro, do you even science? Tue, 27 Mar 2018 16:20:36 +0000 https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,69720,69720#msg-69720 Leeb hardness testers (10 replies) https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,69720,69720#msg-69720
Thoughts?

Link to an inexpensive example:
[www.ebay.com]]]> Hunterseeker5 Bro, do you even science? Mon, 05 Mar 2018 10:01:33 +0000 https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,67722,67722#msg-67722 Tool Steels (3 replies) https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,67722,67722#msg-67722 Tool Steels by Roberts and Cary that I could buy and not break the bank. it is the 1980 edition, published by ASM. It covers about anything you could possibly want to know about tool steel and alloy steel.]]> oldsailorsknives Bro, do you even science? Thu, 07 Sep 2017 12:32:16 +0000 https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,67011,67011#msg-67011 Forge Welding and Grain Size Effects on Toughness (12 replies) https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,67011,67011#msg-67011 knifedogs.com]

I find it hard to understand why this thread hasn't received more attention. Very nice work on forge welds in stainless Damascus with AEB-L and 3xx series steel.

I'll have to post the one on grain size from my phone. I can't access the site here.]]> me2 Bro, do you even science? Sun, 01 Oct 2017 21:49:13 +0000 https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,63691,63691#msg-63691 Straight razor blade geometry (2 replies) https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,63691,63691#msg-63691 Im getting into shaving with a straight razor. This subject on the shaving forums is driving me crazy. Tape or not tape the spine when honing. Most everyone believes that the spine is a built in angle guide. Meaning keep the spine on the stone every honing session, and the angle will stay the same through out the entire life of the razor. The best angle for a razor is said to be 14°~17° at push cutting hair.

How can the spine be a angle guide if and when the spine wears the angle decreases. Just say my razor starts out 6/8 in width and the spine is 3/16 in width when new, and my bevel angle is 17°. If i never tape my spine to protect it from hone wear, in just say 10 years of honing. As the spine gets thinner from hone wear, the angle has to get more acute. I dont know the math but with, just a little common sense tells me as the spine thins the edge bevel thins also. So there is no way in 10 years spine wear the edge angle will still be 17°. So IMO if your setting the bevel on a king 1k i would use 1 layer of tape to protect the spine, because thats the most aggressive stone and more likely to cause spine wear. After i set the bevel remove the tape mark the bevel with pernament marker let marker dry,then go 4k norton. While doing this with no tape its going to create a secondary bevel, and thats why i marked my bevel. When all the marker is gone that means the first and secondary bevel has become one bevel. Then moving to the 8k. On the 8k and above im not going to cause heavy hone wear on the spine because they are not aggressive but merely polishers. I do think the spine is a reference point, but it doesnt keep that razor at the same angle through many years of honing as the spine wears.]]> bricklayer Bro, do you even science? Tue, 20 Dec 2016 04:53:17 +0000 https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,61290,61290#msg-61290 Cool article on laminates (1 reply) https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,61290,61290#msg-61290
[e-reports-ext.llnl.gov]]]> C Amber Bro, do you even science? Fri, 12 Aug 2016 01:40:18 +0000 https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,60750,60750#msg-60750 New Titanium Alloy Titanium-3 (2 replies) https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,60750,60750#msg-60750
They are looking at it for medical implants but its increased hardness and corrosion resistance would be useful I think in a lot of different applications. Still probably not as good as steel for a knife though, but I haven't the technical knowledge or read through to be sure.
http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/7/e1600319.full]]> TerriLiGunn Bro, do you even science? Wed, 27 Jul 2016 23:06:13 +0000 https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,60393,60393#msg-60393 Heat Treatment - Crystal Weaving Foundation (18 replies) https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,60393,60393#msg-60393
Science Freedom - details of CFW 'how' & 'why' are to be widely presented and it should be easily replicated & applied. Applicability will stretch across the entire steel industry, where cutlery/edge-tool is a small sector in it. 'How' will be a general ht formula, and 'why' if you would like to understand chemistry & physics aspects/science of it.

This post (across multiple forums) declared my intention. I haven't shoot the 'how' video nor write up yet, so welcome to suggest better format etc..

Best regards,
==Luong

*** Hardness/strength 2+rc exceeded mfg's max rc is just an easy quantifier - other attributes are also important ***

BCMW 20160702 ht results

CPM-M4 69rc - [www.alphaknifesupply.com]
Elmax 65rc - [www.alphaknifesupply.com]
S110V 65.5rc - [www.alphaknifesupply.com]
CTS-XHP 67.5rc - [www.alphaknifesupply.com]
CPM 10V 69.5rc - [www.alphaknifesupply.com]

29 minutes video - sorry, 2nd is fuzzy due to over heated camera
Whittled: oak, bamboo, lignum vitae argentine (LVA) and thin metal tube (at end of fuzzy video)
Chopped: oak, LVA

[youtu.be]

Edges after whittled thin metal tube (in video)

BCMW 20160615 66+rc W2 chop test at cryogenic(LN2) temperature - ** as stated - it's more than just hardness/strength ***
[youtu.be]]]> bluntcut Bro, do you even science? Tue, 09 Aug 2016 18:28:28 +0000 https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,59749,59749#msg-59749 P.M. Steel with Mostly Lower Bainite Microstructure (Some Martensite) (3 replies) https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,59749,59749#msg-59749 www.gkn.com]

I found this very interesting but some of the measurements and units used were not known to me. I still understood the majority of the work done however and the properties of the alloy tested seem interesting. I do have a couple questions about the paper though if anyone can help me understand how this may or may not apply to knives:

- In table 3 near the end of the paper, the HRC number cited for the alloy that had accelerated cooling done in the furnace was 23. This is obviously very low for a knife but the alloy hadn't been heat treated. If someone were to heat treat that alloy, the CR2 version, would it keep the combination of lower Bainite and Martensite or would it all be changed by the heat treatment? I would guess that it would all be changed, as the paper seemed to say that one of the purposes for the alloy they designed was to achieve certain properties and a microstructure that would be advantageous without the need for further heat treatment.

- Is the steel in the Kodiak Survival Sword of a similar microstructure, as in mostly lower Bainite and some Martensite? Or is that upper Bainite or something else?

- Could this steel be used as is for a large chopper, or is it far too soft? I would imagine that it's soft enough that it would require a pretty thick edge and high edge angle to keep the edge from deforming.]]> Ryan Nafe Bro, do you even science? Tue, 07 Jun 2016 17:10:56 +0000 https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,58173,58173#msg-58173 Quenching Temperatures for 6AL4V Titanium (3 replies) https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,58173,58173#msg-58173
[www.me-journal.org]]]> Ryan Nafe Bro, do you even science? Mon, 07 Mar 2016 18:16:52 +0000 https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,56439,56439#msg-56439 Not Metallurgy, Still Interesting (no replies) https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,56439,56439#msg-56439 www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca]]]> Ryan Nafe Bro, do you even science? Sat, 26 Dec 2015 20:37:21 +0000 https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,56437,56437#msg-56437 Vegetable oils as quenchant (no replies) https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,56437,56437#msg-56437 [ojs.sv-jme.eu]
here is a link to Houghton Heat Treat you can find cooling curves of their oils to compare [www.houghtonheattreat.com]
can't find Parks 50 curves online.]]> oldsailorsknives Bro, do you even science? Sat, 26 Dec 2015 19:40:42 +0000 https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,56297,56297#msg-56297 Move over diamond, here comes Q-carbon. (3 replies) https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,56297,56297#msg-56297 http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/jap/118/21/10.1063/1.4936595
It is way over my head, but the original article says it could be harder and stronger then diamond. It also is ferromagnetic. So um can anyone understand the paper enough to explain the more technical details?

Edit: posted wrong link.]]> TerriLiGunn Bro, do you even science? Mon, 21 Dec 2015 06:21:38 +0000 https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,55739,55739#msg-55739 Obsidian/Glass as a Cutting Edge (12 replies) https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,55739,55739#msg-55739 Ryan Nafe Bro, do you even science? Tue, 15 Dec 2015 02:35:37 +0000 https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,55361,55361#msg-55361 Designing Nb-modified AEB-L (8 replies) https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,55361,55361#msg-55361
The goal with adding Nb to 13C26/AEB-L would be to maintain the same general carbide volume to maintain toughness, edge stability, etc. while increasing the wear resistance by replacing some chromium carbides with the harder NbC. So the goal here is to yield a similar carbide volume to AEB-L while maintaining a similar amount of C and Cr in solution but replace some M7C3 with MC.

JMatPro predicts that adding Nb will replace Cr carbides with MC carbides, while leaving the C in solution and overall carbide volume essentially unchanged, though it does predict a small decrease in C and increase in carbide volume. It also predicts that Cr in solution would be increased as less Cr is tied up in carbides. Of course, this does not take into account casting issues, size of the different carbides, etc. Also it may be that there is less carbon in solution than is predicted because of the difficulty of dissolving Nb carbides.

Going higher carbon means a little higher carbon in solution but the overall carbide volume also goes up. Adding V increases overall carbide volume as opposed to Nb where it remained essentially constant. Mo is often added to stainless steels to contribute to hardenability in air, tempering resistance, and secondary hardening. However, according to the simulations, Mo increases the overall carbide volume significantly.

Therefore, the next step would be to melt some test heats with a few different amounts of Nb and see what the result would be. Of course, no one is going to do that, but it would be fun.]]> Larrin Bro, do you even science? Sun, 22 Nov 2015 12:11:04 +0000 https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,54881,54881#msg-54881 Amorphous Steel Razor Blade (Can You Imagine a Knife?) (5 replies) https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,54881,54881#msg-54881 Amorphous Razor Blade Steel Patent

And a little more in amorphous steel:

Amorphous Metal

I think a knife made out of this might be interested to test out and play with.]]> jasonstone20 Bro, do you even science? Wed, 13 Jan 2016 00:22:39 +0000 https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,54730,54730#msg-54730 Analyzing current knife steels with JMatPro (19 replies) https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,54730,54730#msg-54730 www.calphad.com]

You can use these programs to calculate the equilibrium phase fraction and wt pct in each phase. There are a variety of limitations to this method; here are some of those limitations:

- It assumes that the steel is at equilibrium (the most stable state) which is often reached very slowly. Much of heat treatment is used to specifically not reach equilibrium (i.e. martensite formation).
- With high alloy steels, there are often large primary carbides left over from casting that are very difficult to get rid of through future processing. These are often not shown in equilibrium calculations because they aren't supposed to be there anymore.
- These simulations come primarily from empirical data which may not be applicable to different combinations of alloys, especially rarely used elements used together and in high amounts.

That being said I have some data for you. I ran these simulations at and around the common austenitizing temperatures used for these grades. I then pulled out carbide, C, Cr, and Mo wt pct at those temperature. That tells you generally what properties you will have after quenching. For example, the amount of carbon in austenite tells you approximately what hardness can be reached and the general proportion of lath to plate martensite. The amount of Cr and Mo in solution tells you the nominal corrosion resistance, more Cr means better corrosion resistance. The amount and type of carbide controls the wear resistance, toughness, and to some extent the size of the carbides.

First let's check some numbers against known carbide volumes: [www.crucible.com]
Carbide Type and Volume
Vanadium Niobium Chromium Total
CPM S35VN 3.0% 0.5% 10.5% 14.0%
CPM S30V 4.0% 10.5% 14.5%
440C 0% 12.0% 12.0%
154 CM 0% 17.5% 17.5%

Here are the numbers I got for S35VN, S30V, 440C, and 154CM:

print screen windows 7

The carbide numbers are actually pretty close. The biggest deviation is 154CM, which is quite a bit higher in Crucible's numbers than the JMatPro calculations. None of these simulations should be taken as gospel. Some are close and some are going to be off. But as an approximation they're probably not too bad. Based on these numbers we would expect these steels to have comparable toughness but the V grades would have superior wear resistance because of harder MC carbides.

Here are some low carbide stainless steels:

Speaking to Sandvik, they said that 14C28N has a little bit higher carbide volume than 13C26, they said that they knew they were at the edge of the carbide volume range for avoiding primary carbides. However, in these calculations, JMatPro predicts lower carbide volume for 14C28N. Again. the numbers aren't perfect. You can see that 19C27 and Niolox have somewhat intermediate carbide volumes, though Niolox carbides may be somewhat smaller because of the niobium addition. I haven't seen any micrographs that confirm that fact. Both of those steels are also on the low end of Cr in solution. JMatPro predicts a little higher C in solution for 19C27, and a little lower for Niolox, which seems to fit with the achievable hardness for those grades.

image uploading site

Elmax looks terrible here, with lots of chromium carbides, very little MC, and low achievable hardness and corrosion resistance. D2 has medium-high carbide volume, but in practice is even higher because of the very persistent primary carbides in D2. Vanadis 4 Extra looks pretty good being a PM grade with a medium amount of carbide and all of it being predicted to be MC carbide, which is why it has such a good combination of toughness and wear resistance. The MC carbides being harder than chromium carbides means much better wear resistance while the difference in toughness is negligible. The PM process allows a little higher carbide volume than conventionally cast while maintaining good toughness and edge stability, but edge stability is still worse than AEB-L/13C26 or 52100 with their 3% carbide. A2 has just a little more carbide volume than 13C26. It is not a bad choice if one wants an air hardening steel but want to avoid stainless for whatever reason. However, the predicted amount of C is too high, meaning the predicted carbide volume is likely too low.

upload image

M4 is very popular in its PM version right now, JMatPro says it has relatively high carbide volume. 52100 is right around 3% which is similar to 13C26, micrographs of the steel confirm that it has very small carbides. However, one myth about 52100 is that it has chromium carbides, it actually is cementite (M3C) which is higher in Cr. The carbides may be slightly harder than a simple carbon steel but not dramatically so. VG-10 has medium-high carbide according to JMatPro. Some have compared VG-10 to 19C27 but they really aren't that similar. The predicted numbers for Vascowear/PD-1 are almost certainly wrong. There is no way it has so much carbon in solution and so little carbide.

I also spent some time creating a hypothetical Nb-modified AEB-L. I will post those results in a day or two.]]> Larrin Bro, do you even science? Tue, 17 Nov 2015 17:16:33 +0000 https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,53754,53754#msg-53754 Low Temper heat treat. (Example new 3v protocol) (65 replies) https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,53754,53754#msg-53754 Pierre-Built Bro, do you even science? Thu, 28 Jan 2016 13:00:32 +0000 https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,53695,53695#msg-53695 cathodic protection for storing expensive carbon steel items (3 replies) https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,53695,53695#msg-53695
[en.wikipedia.org]

I'm thinking of a stainless or graphite plate hooked to a positive battery terminal- just lay the item on the plate when not in use

I'm still unsure about some issues, the voltage (is more better?) is a static charge sufficient or does there actually need to be a current - maybe a multi-megohm resistor back to the other terminal?

maybe a very mildly alkaline lye solution (don't know yet how to keep it wet) to get good electrical contact between the protected item and the plate I put it on (plate's hooked to the positive battery terminal)

does anyone do this & know how to get it working? does it even make sense? Wiki has these

[papers.sae.org]
[www.ftc.gov]

I can't find the reasons it fails for the automotive case]]> samksharma Bro, do you even science? Sat, 03 Oct 2015 00:57:56 +0000 https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,52737,52737#msg-52737 Do pores/grains in metal expand w/ heat enough to allow lube to "embed"? (42 replies) https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,52737,52737#msg-52737 this discussion and as I came to think of it, while it makes sense, I have never seen any hard scientific evidence to show this. Was hoping there was some good info on this?

Lube manufacturers, Frog Lube being one, makes statements such as this:

"Apply FrogLube and allow time to absorb. (heat quickens the rate of absorption)."

and this:

"FrogLube into the barrel as the heat will accelerate the absorption into the voids of the metal. After treatment, you will notice a marked reduction in friction and temperature. It is not necessary to do this after every use, but should be done at regular intervals."]]> razoredgeknives Bro, do you even science? Fri, 01 Apr 2016 00:28:56 +0000 https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,52052,52052#msg-52052 Multiple tempering (high and low) (1 reply) https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,52052,52052#msg-52052
- [www.google.com]

It is part of a process of how to harden a D2 type steel, here is the interesting part :

Quote

(a) pre-heating the steel for at least 20 minutes between 1400° F. to 1500° F.;
(b) austenitizing the steel at a temperature of from 1925° F. to 1975° F.;
(c) gas quenching the austenitized steel;
(d) tempering as follows:
(1) heating at between about 900° F. to 950° F.;
(2) freezing at from -120° F. to -150° F. for at least 16 hours; and
(3) heating at from 400° F. to 550° F.

Note the tempering part of hitting the secondary hardness maximum, then using cryogenics, then hitting the low tempering point for maximum strength. There is no materials data on the steel that results however I have not even heard of anyone doing this and I am not sure on what exactly is trying to be gained.]]> CliffStamp Bro, do you even science? Mon, 31 Aug 2015 10:17:40 +0000 https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,49518,49518#msg-49518 Modern Steel Products : 2014 - Bruno de Cooman (3 replies) https://oldforum.beyondt01micron.com/read.php?28,49518,49518#msg-49518
[www.youtube.com]

-focused on the big picture, to provide an overview
-steel industry is massive, 1.8 billion tons annually
-the bulk is carbon steels, in comparison stainless steels are a small percent of total volume
-the automobile industry is a huge chunk of carbon steels
-the food processing industry is a major chunk of stainless steel utilization
-steel is very dense (heavy per volume) but very stiff compared to aluminum (not very dense)
-steel is exceptionally strong compared to other metals
-strength is a constant tradeoff with ductility/toughness and formability
-microstructure is critical; macro, meso(light microscopy), atomic scale
-bcc (ferrite), fcc (austenite), bct (martensite)
-austenite is more dense, thus ferrite to austenite is a contraction
-main cause of dimensional instability as retained austenite changes to ferrite there is an expansion (bad for precision tooling)
-transformations are time/temperature sensitive
-interstitial solution (carbon / nitrogen) distort the lattice they are inside the existing structure
-carbon and nitrogen also change the relative stability of ferrite vs austenite (promote ferrite)
-carbon and nitogen influence the kinetics of austenite to ferrite (they promote martensite formation over ferrite)
-carbon/nitrogen are not soluble in ferrite hence carbon for example forms cementite (iron carbide) readily
-substitution alloys replace atoms in the lattice and can cause it to expand (Cr, Mn, Mo) or contract (Si, Al)
-also influence the stability of ferrite / austenite (carbide formers are ferrite stabilizers, Ni is an austenite stabilizer)

-]]> CliffStamp Bro, do you even science? Sun, 12 Jul 2015 04:33:48 +0000